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- NATION, Page 35It Rhymes with Malta
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- When they met in the Soviet Crimea in February 1945 to plan
- the end of World War II, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill
- and Joseph Stalin also set the stage for the long-running drama
- that may dominate next month's meeting off Malta. In effect, if
- not by intent, Roosevelt and Churchill sanctioned Soviet
- dominance over Eastern Europe. Now, 44 years later, George Bush
- and Mikhail Gorbachev must grapple with the disintegration of
- that Soviet supremacy.
-
- The American, British and Soviet leaders met at Yalta at a
- time when the Red Army had liberated most of Eastern Europe
- from Hitler's troops and were poised to take Berlin. Although
- the ailing Roosevelt knew that the U.S. could soon assault Japan
- with the first atom bomb, his top military advisers doubted that
- its use would be immediately decisive. An American priority at
- Yalta was to ensure Japan's quick defeat by persuading Stalin
- to join the Far East conflict once Germany surrendered.
-
- So, rather than trying to rein in Stalin and his rampaging
- Red Army, Roosevelt and Churchill made what they considered
- minor concessions. They did not insist that Soviet military
- forces be withdrawn from Eastern Europe. Instead they settled
- for a vague commitment by the three powers to promote democratic
- governments and free elections in each of the liberated but
- Soviet-occupied nations.
-
- Stalin won outright annexation of parts of eastern Poland;
- the Poles were compensated with parts of easternmost Germany.
- In the Far East the Soviets were secretly awarded the Japanese
- Kurile Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin Island, an
- arrangement disclosed after Japan's defeat.
-
- Stalin kept only part of the bargain. On Aug. 8, three
- months after V-E day and only six days before Japan surrendered,
- the Soviets finally declared war on Tokyo. At almost no cost,
- Stalin not only got the Japanese islands but also stripped
- Manchuria of most of its heavy industrial equipment and shipped
- it back to the Soviet Union. In Eastern Europe not only did
- Soviet troops remain in large numbers, but Communists brutally
- subverted political parties and seized control of national
- police and military organizations to ring down the Iron Curtain.
- At the time, the war-weary West was in no mood to react.
-
- Critics assailed Yalta as a sellout. Even George Kennan,
- then a top State Department official, denounced the West's
- refusal "to name any limit for Russian expansion and Russian
- responsibilities." But Charles Bohlen, assistant to the
- Secretary of State and one of the designers of the deal, called
- such criticism naive. Neither Britain nor the U.S. had any way
- to coerce Stalin, he argued, and "either our pals intend to
- limit themselves or they don't."
-
- Stalin did not choose to constrain himself, despite the vow
- of the three Yalta leaders to help secure "the right of all
- peoples to choose the form of government under which they will
- live." Now that the Soviets are loosening the fist they clenched
- after Yalta, it will be up to two men in the Mediterranean to
- redeem the promises the Soviets made about Eastern Europe 44
- long years ago.
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